The type of lattice which develops on recrystallization was found to depend on the original lattice, the extent of ball‐milling and the conditions of recrystallization A highly ball‐milled sample could be made to recrystallize as cellulose I, II, or IV depending on the conditions
Chat OnlineAug 01, 2017· The significantly reduced Cr in further milling indicated that the sufficient ball milling treatment time or enough small particle size resulted in the effective destruction of the crystalline structure in cellulose (Zhang et al, 2015, Jiang et al, 2016) The Cr HR80 was higher than the Cr HMW, and Cr HR120 have an improvement as well
Chat OnlineBall-milling experiments were performed using ZrO 2 balls (mass of 18 kg and diameter of 2 cm) The balls were loaded with 20 g of cellulose (Fluka, Avicel PH-101, microcrystalline) into a ZrO 2 bottle (2000 mL) A typical catalytic reaction procedure: cellulose (45 mg) treated by ball-milling for 48 h shown in Fig 1, catalyst (50 mg),
Chat OnlineHydrolytic conversion of cellulose over heterogeneous acids Reaction conditions: cellulose pretreated by ball-milling 005 g, catalyst 005 g, water 5 mL, reaction time 24 h, temperature 423 K
Chat OnlineReaction conditions: cellulose pretreated by ball-milling 005 g, catalyst 005 g, water 5 mL, reaction time 24 h, temperature 423 K With this knowledge in mind, we focused on the hydrolytic conversion of cellulose on the new class of sulfonated silica/carbon nanocomposites ( Fig 2 )
Chat OnlineAug 01, 2017· The significantly reduced Cr in further milling indicated that the sufficient ball milling treatment time or enough small particle size resulted in the effective destruction of the crystalline structure in cellulose (Zhang et al, 2015, Jiang et al, 2016) The Cr HR80 was higher than the Cr HMW, and Cr HR120 have an improvement as well
Chat OnlineThe estimated marginal means of Factor A, ie, mass ratio of milling ball to cellulose pulp, and its profile plot are shown in Table 5 and Fig 2, respectively The results disclose that the percentage of CNFs increased when the mass ratio of milling ball to cellulose pulp increased from 40% (level 1) to 60% (level 2) and finally to 80% (level 3)
Chat Onlinepretreated by ball-milling at room temperature for 48 h, with ZrO2 balls and a speed of 500 rpm (PM 100, RETSCH ball mills, 50 ml) The hydrolysis of cellulose was carried out in a stainless-steel autoclave with autogenous pressure For each reaction, 027 g of cellulose, 03 g of catalyst and 27 ml
Chat OnlineThe methods of cellulose pretreatment included ball-milling treatment, 79,94 non-catalytic hydrothermal treatment of cellulose in water, 90 pretreating cellulose with acids at an appropriate temperature, 54 ultrasound and plasma treatment, 95,96 and so on 97,98 For instance, in 2012 Huber et al introduced a two-step process, including non ,
Chat OnlineA key problem in the conversion of cellulose into chemicals and fuels is the low product yield from cellulose due to its robust structure In this work, for the first time, cellulose was pretreated with coupling of liquid nitrogen and ball milling (LN–BM) for cellulose hydrolysis After the LN–BM treatment, the glucose yield from cellulose by HCl in water increased by almost 2 times and ,
Chat OnlineJun 01, 2019· The particle size distribution is presented in Table 1It can be seen that the D 50, namely median particle size, of microcrystalline cellulose (BM0) was far larger than that of ball-milled samplAs the increase of ball milling time from 0 to 10 min, D 50 decreased from 6167 to 2187 μm It gradually decreased with the prolonging of milling time and a minimum D 50 of 1520 μm was ,
Chat OnlineCryogenic ball milling for 2 min also results in a significant size reduction but only little change in cellulose crystallinity and specific reactivity during hydrolysis Therefore, crystallinity is the dominant factor in determining the hydrolysis reactivity of cellulose in HCW while particle size only plays a ,
Chat OnlineThe yield of glucose increased rapidly when the ball-milling time increased from 0 to 2 h The maximum yield of glucose from LN−BM-2 was 414%, which was slightly lower than that from LN−BM-3 (422%) From the viewpoint of energy consumption, the LN−BM treatment of cellulose for ball-milling time of 2 h is appropriate, and the sample of ,
Chat OnlineAmorphous cellulose-1 (pretreated by phosphoric acid) was more likely to be degraded than amorphous cellulose-2 (pretreated by ball-milling) because of the lower crystallinity, and the TRS and glucose yields reached 783% and 697%, respectively, after an 8-h reaction (Entry 9)
Chat OnlineTo improve the reaction efficiency, ball-milling and solubilization in ionic liquids of cellulose were adopted A maximum total reducing sugar yield of 818 % was obtained in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride at 125 °C for 90 min when the water addition was 10 % of ionic liqu
Chat OnlineMilling the acid‐impregnated cellulose fully converts the substrate into water‐soluble oligosaccharides within 2 h In aqueous solution, soluble products are easily hydrolyzed at 130 °C in 1 h, leading to 91 % conversion of the glucan fraction of α‐cellulose into glucose, and 96 % of the xylans into xylose
Chat OnlineFlorent Boissou, Nassim Sayoud, Karine De Oliveira Vigier, Abdellatif Barakat, Sinisa Marinkovic, Boris Estrine, François Jérôme, Acid‐Assisted Ball Milling of Cellulose as an Efficient Pretreatment Process for the Production of Butyl Glycosides, ChemSusChem, 101002/cssc201500700, 8, 19, ,
Chat OnlineCellulose (Avicel PH-101, microcrystalline) was characterized (i) as received from Sigma-Aldrich and (ii) after 24 h ball-milling pretreatment Ball-milling with 25 g of cellulose was carried out using ZrO2 balls (mass 75 g; diameter 18 cm) SEM images of cellulose before and after ball-milling ,
Chat OnlineBall-milling treatment of microcrystalline cellulose resulted in an insoluble material with β-1,4-glycosidic bonds but containing large noncrystalline regions as confirmed by XRD and CP/MAS 13C NMR21) The re-action rate of cellulose hydrolysis using dilute sulfuric acid at 448 K increased with decreasing cellulose crys-tallinity21)
Chat OnlineAug 01, 2019· In this work, the deconstruction mechanism of corn stover cell wall polymers during ball milling was evaluated The characterization showed that ball milling not only brought about the dissociation of the cross-linked cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin complex but also led to the depolymerization of the cell-wall polymers especially the carbohydrat
Chat OnlineMizuho Yabushita, Hirokazu Kobayashi, Kenji Hara, Atsushi Fukuoka, Quantitative evaluation of ball-milling effects on the hydrolysis of cellulose catalysed by activated carbon, Catal Sci , Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose into Levulinic Acid by a Sulfonated Chloromethyl Polystyrene Solid Acid Catalyst, ChemCatChem, 101002/cctc201300956 ,
Chat Onlinecellulose is increased by mix-milling process 2 1 Hydrolysis of Cellulose by Activated Carbon Catalysts Hara et al and Onda et al independently reported the hydrolysis of cellulose catalyzed by sulfonated car-bons in 200816),17), and many researchers have focused on use of other sulfonated materials to improve the -
Chat OnlineSofla MRK, Brown RJ, Tsuzuki T, Rainey TJ (2016) A comparison of cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nano Fi Bres extracted from bagasse using acid and ball milling methods Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 7(3):1–9
Chat OnlineFor mixed ball-milling, microcrystalline cellulose and the solid acid catalyst were charged in a 100-mL ZrO 2 container, and the ball-milling was carried out at a speed of 500 rpm with ZrO 2 balls (15 balls, Φ=7 mm) for 0-4 h To avoid thermal degradation of the microcrystalline cellulose, the temperature was not higher than 333 K
Chat OnlineCH2 scissoring motion in the cellulose I crystal The ball-milling allows the regular arrangement of the CH2OH group on C6 to relax into a more random one, resulting in a broader band at 1430 cm-1 Figure 4: IR spectra of cellulose before (a) and after ball-milling (b) 12 Hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose
Chat OnlineJan 17, 2019· Cellulose is often described as a mixture of crystalline and amorphous material A large part of the general understanding of the chemical, biochemical and physical properties of cellulosic materials is thought to depend on the consequences of the ratio of these components For example, amorphous materials are said to be more reactive and have less tensile strength but comprehensive ,
Chat OnlineJan 30, 2018· Direct depolymerization of crystalline cellulose into water‐soluble sugars by solvent‐free ball milling was examined in the presence of a strongly acidic layered metal oxide, HNbMoO 6, resulting in full conversion with 72 % yield of water‐soluble sugarsMeasurements by 13 C cross‐polarization magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction revealed that amorphization of ,
Chat OnlineFeb 01, 2014· Amberlyst 15 (supplier Sigma–Aldrich) was also used as a reference sulfonated system High energy ball milling of cellulose was carried out using a SPEX CertiPrep 8000-series Mixer/Mill, using vials with tungsten carbide-lined body and two 7/16 in ,
Chat OnlineBall-milled woods with two particle sizes were prepared by ball milling for 80min or 120min (BMW80, BMW120) and then enzymatically hydrolyzed 783% cellulose conversion of BMW120 was achieved, which was three times as high as the conversion of BMW80
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